Trachoma is a bacterial infection of the eyes. Chlamydia trachomatis is the organism that causes it. Trachoma is infectious, spreading by contact with infected people’s eyes, eyelids, nose, or throat secretions. Handling contaminated things, such as handkerchiefs, can potentially spread it.
Trachoma may initially cause moderate discomfort and irritation of your eyes and eyelids. You may then see puffy eyelids and fluid pouring from your eyes. Trachoma can cause blindness if left untreated.
Trachoma is the most common avoidable cause of blindness in the world. The majority of trachoma incidences occur in impoverished parts of Africa, where 85 percent of persons with active illness live. In locations where trachoma is endemic, infection rates among children under the age of five can reach 60% or higher.
Trachoma problems may be avoided if treated early.
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF TRACHOMA?
- Mild inflammation and itching of the eyes and eyelids
- Mucus or pus-containing eye discharge
- Redness of the eyes
- Loss of vision
- Puffiness of the eyelids
- Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
- Eye pain
- Inflammation — follicular: The early infection contains five or more follicles — little lumps on the inner surface of your upper eyelid that house lymphocytes, a kind of white blood cell — visible with magnification (conjunctiva).
- Inflammation — intense: At this point, your eye has become infected and inflamed, with a thickening or swelling of the upper eyelid.
- Scarring on the eyelids: Scarring of the inner eyelid occurs as a result of repeated infections. When seen under magnification, the scars frequently look as white lines. Your upper eyelid may get deformed and turn in (entropion).
- In-turned eyelashes (trichiasis): Your eyelid’s scarred inner lining continues to distort, causing your lashes to turn in and rub against and irritate the translucent outer surface of your eye (cornea).
- Corneal clouding (opacity): An inflammation, most usually noticed behind your top lid, affects the cornea. Continuous inflammation, exacerbated by scratching from the in-turned lashes, causes corneal clouding.
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF TRACHOMA?
WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS FOR TRACHOMA?
- Crowded living conditions: People who live in close quarters are more likely to spread illness.
- Inadequate sanitation: Poor sanitary conditions, insufficient access to water, and a lack of cleanliness, such as filthy faces or hands, all contribute to the spread of the disease.
- Age: In locations where the illness is active, children aged 4 to 6 are the most affected.
- Sex: In certain locations, women are two to six times more likely than males to get the condition. This might be because women have more interaction with children, who are the major reservoir of illness.
- Flies: People who live in places where the fly population is difficult to manage may be more vulnerable to illness.
WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF TRACHOMA?
- Scarring on the inside of the eyelid
- Deformities of the eyelids, such as an inward-folding eyelid (entropion) or ingrown eyelashes (trichiasis), can scrape the cornea.
- Scarring or cloudiness of the cornea
- Vision loss, either partially or fully
HOW IS TRACHOMA DIAGNOSED?
WHAT ARE THE TREATMENTS FOR TRACHOMA?
Medications
Surgery
HOW CAN TRACHOMA BE PREVENTED?
- Hand-washing and face washing: Keeping faces and hands clean may aid in breaking the reinfection cycle.
- Fly control: Reduced fly populations can aid in the elimination of a source of transmission.
- Proper waste management: Properly disposing of animal and human waste can help to limit flies’ breeding grounds.
- Improved water access: A nearby source of fresh water can assist enhance sanitary conditions.
- S: Surgery to treat severe cases of trachoma
- A: Antibiotics to cure and prevent infection
- F: Facial cleanliness
- E: Environmental improvements, notably in the areas of water, sanitation, and fly control