Electrolytes are naturally occurring elements and compounds in the body. They regulate vital biological activities.
Electrolytes include the following:
- Calcium
- Chloride
- Phosphate
- Potassium
- Magnesium
- Sodium
These chemicals can be found in your blood, body fluids, and urine. They are also consumed with food, beverages, and supplements.
An electrolyte problem happens when your body’s electrolyte levels are either too high or too low. Electrolytes must be balanced in order for your body to function correctly. Otherwise, key physiological systems may be compromised.
Severe electrolyte imbalances can result in life-threatening complications such as coma, seizures, and cardiac arrest.
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ELECTROLYTE DISORDER?
Calcium
- Kidney disorder
- Thyroid problems, such as hyperparathyroidism
- Lung conditions like sarcoidosis and TB
- Various cancers, such as lung and breast cancer
- Excessive antacid and calcium or vitamin D supplementation
- Drugs such as lithium, theophylline, or some water tablets
- Kidney failure
- Hypoparathyroidism
- A lack of vitamin D
- Pancreatitis
- Prostate cancer
- Malabsorption
- Some treatments, such as heparin, osteoporosis therapies, and antiepileptic medications
Chloride
- Extreme dehydration
- Kidney failure
- Dialysis
- Cystic fibrosis (CF)
- Anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders
- Scorpion venom
- Acute kidney failure
Magnesium
- Muscle contraction
- Heart rhythm
- Nerve function
- Drinking disorder
- Sweating excessively
- Heart attack
- Malnutrition
- Malabsorption
- Chronic diarrhea
- Various drugs, including diuretics and antibiotics
Phosphate
The kidneys, bones, and intestines all work together to keep the body’s phosphate levels in check. Phosphate is required for several processes and interacts strongly with calcium.
Hyperphosphatemia can arise as a result of:
- Calcium deficiency
- Kidney disease that is chronic
- A side effect of cancer therapy called tumor lysis syndrome
- Use of phosphate-containing laxatives in excess
- Severe breathing problems
- Parathyroid glands that are underactive
- Significant muscle damage
Hypophosphatemia, or low phosphate levels, can be detected in:
- Acute alcoholism
- A lack of vitamin D
- Parathyroid glands that are hyperactive
- Serious burns
- Starvation
- Some drugs, including IV iron therapy, niacin (Niacor, Niaspan), and several antacids
Potassium
- Extreme dehydration
- Kidney failure
- Diabetic ketoacidosis with severe acidosis
- Various drugs, including certain blood pressure and diuretic medications
- Adrenal insufficiency, which occurs when cortisol levels are abnormally low
- Eating disorders
- Severe nausea or diarrhea
- Dehydration
- Some drugs, such as laxatives, diuretics, and corticosteroids
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF ELECTROLYTE DISORDER?
- Irregular heartbeat
- Rapid heart rate
- Fatigue
- Constipation or diarrhea
- Cramps in the abdomen
- Cramping of the muscles
- Lethargy
- Seizures or convulsions
- Irritability
- Confusion
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Muscle weakness
- Headaches
- Tingling and numbness
Sodium
- Insufficient water consumption
- Extreme dehydration
- Body fluid loss as a result of prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, or respiratory sickness
- Some drugs, such as corticosteroids
- Perspiration or burns cause significant fluid loss via the skin.
- A drinking problem
- Overhydration
- Disorders of the thyroid, hypothalamus, or adrenal gland
- Diarrhea or vomiting
- A lack of nutrients
- Kidney, liver, or heart failure
- Some drugs, such as diuretics and seizure medicines
- Syndrome of excessive antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF ELECTROLYTE DISORDER?
HOW IS ELECTROLYTE DISORDER DIAGNOSED?
WHAT ARE THE TREATMENTS FOR ELECTROLYTE DISORDER?
Intravenous (IV) fluids
Certain IV medications
Oral medications and supplements
- Calcium (gluconate, carbonate, citrate, or lactate
- Magnesium oxide
- Potassium chloride
- Phosphate binders such as sevelamer hydrochloride (Renagel), lanthanum (Fosrenol), and calcium-based therapies such as calcium carbonate.
Hemodialysis
WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS FOR ELECTROLYTE DISORDER?
- Drinking disorder
- Cirrhosis
- Trauma, like serious burns or fractured bones
- Thyroid problems
- Adrenal gland disorders
- Congestive heart failure
- Kidney disease
- Eating disorders like bulimia and anorexia
HOW CAN ELECTROLYTE DISORDER BE PREVENTED?
- If you have persistent vomiting, diarrhea, or sweating, remain hydrated.
- Consult your doctor if you are having common electrolyte imbalance symptoms.
- If drugs or underlying illnesses are causing the electrolyte issue, your doctor will alter your prescription and address the underlying disease. This will aid in the prevention of future electrolyte abnormalities.