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Toxic shock syndrome is a rare, sometimes fatal consequence of certain bacterial infections. Toxic shock syndrome is frequently caused by toxins generated by Staphylococcus aureus (staph) bacteria, although it can also be caused by toxins produced by group A streptococcus (strep).
Toxic shock syndrome can affect men, children, and postmenopausal women. Skin wounds, surgery, and the use of tampons and other contraceptive devices, such as menstrual cups, contraceptive sponges, or diaphragms, are all risk factors for toxic shock syndrome.
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME?
The following are some of the indications and symptoms of toxic shock syndrome:
- A high fever that appears suddenly
- Low blood pressure
- Confusion
- Muscle pain
- Redness in your eyes, mouth, and throat
- Diarrhea or vomiting
- A sunburn-like rash, particularly on your palms and soles
- Seizures
- Headaches
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME?
Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sordelli, and Streptococcus pyogenes are the three most common bacteria that can cause toxic shock syndrome. In many circumstances, these bacteria can dwell on the skin or mucous membranes without causing any harm. However, under specific conditions, some bacteria types may begin to multiply fast and create toxins.
When very absorbent tampons are used, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can become stuck in the vagina and enter the uterus via the cervix. Bacteria can form on tampons, particularly if they are not changed frequently enough. Bacteria may also thrive if superabsorbent tampons are worn during a light menstrual flow. Tampons can also cause microscopic vaginal wounds, allowing bacteria to enter the bloodstream.
Tampons and toxic shock syndrome
Experts are unsure why tampon use can sometimes cause the illness. Some people believe that leaving a tampon in place for an extended period of time encourages bacteria. Tampon fibers may also scrape the vagina, producing an entrance for microorganisms to enter your bloodstream.
Tampons have evolved significantly over time, and it is unknown if a specific type of tampon or tampon applicator might cause Toxic shock syndrome. If you notice that one type of tampon irritates (or scratches) the vagina, you might try switching brands.
Toxic shock syndrome has traditionally been considered a rare condition, but the number of cases has decreased substantially in recent decades. In 1980, roughly 14 incidences of Toxic shock syndrome were reported among 100,000 young menstrual women who used high absorbency tampons. There are currently 4 or fewer incidences per 100,000 menstrual people.
WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS FOR TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME?
Anyone can be affected by toxic shock syndrome. Women of reproductive age account for roughly half of all cases of toxic shock syndrome caused by staphylococci bacteria; the remainder are elderly women, men, and children. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome can affect persons of any age.
Toxic shock syndrome has been linked to:
- Skin cuts or burns
- Having recently undergone surgery
- Contraception sponges, diaphragms, superabsorbent tampons, and menstrual cups
- Being infected with a virus, such as the flu or chickenpox
WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME?
Toxic shock syndrome can spread quickly. Possible complications include:
Shock
Renal failure
Death
HOW IS TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME DIAGNOSED?
Toxic shock syndrome cannot be diagnosed by a single test. Blood and urine samples may be required to test for the existence of a staph or strep infection. Swabs may be taken from your vagina, cervix, and throat to be tested in a lab.
Because toxic shock syndrome can damage several organs, your doctor may prescribe further tests to determine the extent of your sickness, such as a CT scan, lumbar puncture, or chest X-ray.
WHAT ARE THE TREATMENTS FOR TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME?
You will almost certainly be hospitalized if you get toxic shock syndrome. You'll encounter the following in the hospital:
- Antibiotics will be administered as doctors investigate the origins of the infection.
- If your blood pressure is low, you will be given medicine to raise it and fluids to address dehydration.
- Get supportive care to treat additional indications and symptoms.
- Toxins produced by staph or strep germs, along with hypotension, can lead to renal failure. Dialysis may be required if your kidneys fail.
Surgery
Surgery may be required to remove dead tissue from the infection location or to drain the infection.
HOW CAN TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME BE PREVENTED?
Tampon manufacturers in the United States no longer utilize the materials or designs linked to toxic shock syndrome. Furthermore, the US Food and Drug Administration mandates manufacturers to utilize standard absorbency measurement and labeling, as well as to post instructions on the boxes.
If you use tampons, make sure to read the labels and pick the lowest absorbency tampon possible. Tampons should be changed at least every four to eight hours. When your flow is light, alternate between tampons and sanitary napkins, and utilize minipads.
Toxic shock syndrome is a condition that might reoccur. People who have already had it can get it again. Tampons should not be used if you have toxic shock syndrome or a previous significant staph or strep infection.
CONCLUSION
Toxic shock syndrome is a medical emergency that, if left untreated, can result in death. If you fear you have Toxic shock syndrome, call an ambulance or go to the emergency department. Prompt therapy can help fight infection and protect vital organs.