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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental health condition characterized by excessive hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. People with ADHD may also struggle to focus their attention on a single task or to sit still for extended periods of time.
Many people experience changes in energy levels and inattention. This occurs more frequently and to a greater extent in people with ADHD than in people who do not have the condition. It can have a significant impact on their studies, jobs, and personal lives.
ADHD can affect both adults and children.
WHAT ARE THE TYPES PF ADHD?
The American Psychological Association (APA) has classified ADHD into three types in order to improve consistency in diagnosis. These people are primarily inattentive, primarily hyperactive-impulsive, or a combination of the two.
Predominantly inattentive
People with this type of ADHD, as the name implies, have extreme difficulty focusing, finishing tasks, and following instructions.
Experts also believe that many children with the inattentive type of ADHD may go undiagnosed because they do not disrupt the classroom. According to research, this is more common in girls with ADHD.
Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type
People with this type of ADHD are primarily hyperactive and impulsive. This can include things like:
- fidgeting
- interrupting others while they are speaking
- inability to wait their turn
Although inattention is less of an issue with this type of ADHD, people with hyperactive-impulsive ADHD may still struggle to focus on tasks.
Combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive type
This is the most typical form of ADHD. Individuals with this type of ADHD exhibit both inattentive and hyperactive symptoms. These characteristics include an inability to pay attention, a proclivity for impulsive behavior, and above-average levels of activity and energy.
The type of ADHD you or your child has will determine how you or your child is treated. Because the type you have can change over time, so can your treatment. Find out more about the three kinds of ADHD.
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF ADHD?
ADHD is linked to a wide range of behaviors. Some of the more common ones are as follows:
- having difficulty concentrating or focusing on tasks
- being forgetful when it comes to completing tasks
- prone to being easily distracted
- having difficulty remaining seated
- interrupting others while they are speaking
ADHD symptoms and signs can vary depending on the aspect of the disorder, such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, or difficulty focusing.
A person suffering from hyperactivity and impulsivity may:
- find it difficult to sit still or stay seated, as in class
- have difficulty playing or performing tasks quietly
- speak excessively
- find it difficult to wait their turn
- interfere with others while they are speaking, playing, or performing a task
Someone who is having difficulty concentrating may:
- make frequent errors or overlook details while studying or working
- find it difficult to maintain focus while listening, reading, or conversing
- have difficulty organizing their daily tasks
- frequently misplace items
- be easily distracted by minor events occurring around them
If you or your child has ADHD, you may experience some or all of the following symptoms. The symptoms you experience will be determined by the type of ADHD you have.
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF ADHD?
Despite the prevalence of ADHD, doctors and researchers are still baffled as to what causes the condition. It is thought to have neurological origins. Genetics could also play a part.
According to research, a decrease in dopamine may be a factor in ADHD. Dopamine is a chemical in the brain that aids in the transmission of signals from one nerve to another. It aids in the elicitation of emotional responses and movements.
Other research indicates that there is a structural difference in the brain. According to the findings, people with ADHD have less gray matter volume. Gray matter is made up of brain areas that aid in:
- speech
- self-control
- making a decision
- control of the muscles
Researchers are still looking into possible causes of ADHD, such as smoking while pregnant.
HOW IS ADHD DIAGNOSED?
There is no single test that can determine whether you or your child has ADHD. A 2017 study emphasized the advantages of a new test for diagnosing adult ADHD, but many clinicians believe that an ADHD diagnosis cannot be made based on a single test.
A doctor will assess any symptoms you or your child have had in the previous 6 months to make a diagnosis.
Your doctor will most likely collect information from teachers or family members and may review symptoms using checklists and rating scales. They'll also perform a physical exam to rule out any other health issues. Learn more about ADHD rating scales and what they are and are not capable of.
If you suspect that you or your child has ADHD, consult with a doctor about getting tested. You can also speak with your child's school counselor. Schools assess children on a regular basis for conditions that may be affecting their academic performance.
Provide your doctor or counselor with notes and observations about your or your child's behavior for the assessment.
If they suspect you or your child has ADHD, they may refer you or your child to an ADHD specialist. Depending on the diagnosis, they may also recommend seeing a psychiatrist or neurologist.
HOW IS ADHD TREATED?
Behavioral therapies, medication, or both are commonly used to treat ADHD.
Psychotherapy and talk therapy are two types of therapy. You or your child will discuss how ADHD affects your life and how to manage it in talk therapy.
Behavioral therapy is another type of therapy. This therapy can teach you or your child how to monitor and manage their own behavior.
Medication can also be very beneficial if you have ADHD. ADHD medications are intended to alter brain chemicals in such a way that you can better control your impulses and actions.
Medication for ADHD
Stimulants and nonstimulants are the two main types of medications used to treat ADHD.
The most commonly prescribed ADHD medications are central nervous system (CNS) stimulants. These drugs work by increasing the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain.
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) and amphetamine-based stimulants are examples of these drugs (Adderall).
If stimulants don't work well for you or your child, or if they cause unpleasant side effects, your doctor may recommend a nonstimulant medication. Certain nonstimulant medications work by raising norepinephrine levels in the brain.
Among these medications are atomoxetine (Strattera) and antidepressants like bupropion (Wellbutrin).
ADHD medications can have a variety of benefits as well as drawbacks.
WHAT ARE NATURAL REMEDIES FOR ADHD?
Several remedies have been proposed to help improve ADHD symptoms in addition to – or instead of – medication.
Making lifestyle changes, for example, may help you or your child manage ADHD symptoms. The following are the recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):
- consuming a nutritious, well-balanced diet
- a minimum of 60 minutes of physical activity per day
- getting enough sleep
- reducing daily screen time on phones, computers, and television
Yoga, tai chi, and spending time outside have also been shown in studies to help calm overactive minds and may alleviate ADHD symptoms.
Another option is to practice mindfulness meditation. According to a 2015 study, meditation may help people with ADHD improve their attention.
Avoiding certain allergens and food additives may also help reduce ADHD symptoms.
ADHD IN ADULTS
More than 60% of children with ADHD continue to have symptoms as adults. Many people's hyperactivity symptoms diminish with age, but inattentiveness and impulsivity may persist.
Having said that, treatment is critical. Adults with untreated ADHD can have a negative impact on many aspects of their lives. Symptoms such as difficulty managing time, forgetfulness, and impatience can lead to issues at work, at home, and in all types of relationships.
ADHD IN CHILDREN
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 8.8 percent of people aged 3 to 17 in the United States have been diagnosed with ADHD at some point in their lives. 11.7 percent of males and 5.7 percent of females fall into this category.
ADHD is commonly associated with academic difficulties in children. Children with ADHD frequently struggle in a structured classroom setting.
Boys are more than twice as likely as girls to be diagnosed with ADHD. This could be due to the fact that boys are more likely to exhibit hyperactive symptoms. Although some girls with ADHD exhibit classic hyperactive symptoms, many do not.
Girls with ADHD may, in many cases,:
- frequently daydream
- rather than being hyperactive, be hyper-communicative
Many ADHD symptoms can be mistaken for typical childhood behaviors, making it difficult to distinguish what is ADHD-related and what is not.
IS ADHD A TYPE OF LEARNING DISABILITY?
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, but it is not a learning disability. ADHD symptoms, on the other hand, can make learning more difficult. Additionally, ADHD can occur in people who also have learning disabilities.
Teachers can create individual guidelines for a student with ADHD to help alleviate any impact on learning. Allowing extra time for assignments and tests, for example, or developing a personal reward system, are two examples.
ADHD, while not technically a learning disability, can have long-term consequences.
SUGGESTIONS FOR COPING WITH ADHD
A consistent schedule with structure and regular expectations may be beneficial if you or your child has ADHD. Adults can benefit from the following tips to help them stay organized:
- list-making
- maintaining a calendar
- setting reminders
It can be beneficial for children to concentrate on writing down homework assignments and keeping everyday items, such as toys and backpacks, in designated areas.
Learning more about the disorder in general can also aid in your understanding of how to manage it. Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and the Attention Deficit Disorder Association, for example, offer management advice as well as the most recent research.
Your doctor can give you more information on how to manage your ADHD symptoms.
CONCLUSION
ADHD, both in children and adults, can have a serious impact on your life if left untreated. It can have an impact on school, work, and relationships. Treatment is necessary to mitigate the condition's effects.
It's still important to remember that many people with ADHD live full and successful lives. Some people even appreciate the condition's advantages.
If you believe you or your child may have ADHD, the first step should be to consult with a doctor as soon as possible. They can help you or your child determine if ADHD is a factor. Your doctor can assist you in developing a treatment plan that will help you manage your symptoms and live well with ADHD.